Christianity And Its Impact On Society - 2276 Words

Christianity and the impact it has placed in society has shaped and stripped, modified and divided, comforted and enlightened the world. Christianity has managed to delve into every aspect of human life. Christianity is in our way of life—science, education, technology and arts and has created the environment of religious belief which managed to engrain its’ ideals into a social, political and educational belief. A religion such as Christianity is the foundation from which society lives, breathes and thinks on. There are many that dispute this yet there is some insight and relevance on how our freedom, choices and laws embody Christianity and it has done so since the beginning and still does so in the present. According to Rodney Stark it is, â€Å"Christianizing the Empire† (The Triumph of Christianity, 2011). And it is from which the past, present and future empires stands upon. The importance of understanding how Christianity blanketed humanity gives us a different view that is aided by evidence that it bears truth to its meaning. The world we live in, society and culture in general has been driven by religion for thousands of years. Christianity historically has played a significant role in shaping the modern day of society and culture. It is in the currency we use, the book in which we pledge our truth and honor to, and the obedience, hesitance and laws in our everyday decisions in life. A very revealing and captivating set of research has publicized this toShow MoreRelatedChristianity And Its Impact On Society Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pages In our modern society, religion can either promote positive, optimistic actions or negative, destructive ones. From Christianity to Daoism, each different religion shapes the lives of its followers. Christianity and Hinduism can propel their followers to achieve moral greatness, while Islam and _____ can cause people to do heinous, damaging acts of violence and self-destruction. The first, and most domestically prevalent, circumstance deals with Christianity and how it truly shapes the daily livesRead MoreChristianity And Its Impact On Society1653 Words   |  7 PagesReligion has been present in our society since the beginning of civilization. There’re many different religions across the world today, all of which consist of different belief systems and ideals. Some focus more on behavior and good deeds, while others focus more on the cultivation of spiritual and moral character. In particular, Christianity and Buddhism seem to focus more on the good behavior of the believers. Although they have different views on Gods and the creation events, the foundationRead MoreChristianity And Its Impact On Society2278 Words   |  10 Pagesreligion ,which was appealing because it was one of the first religions to show life after death. This religion was Catholicism. This religion has overcame many obstacles to come at where it is today. Catholicism , the la rgest self-religion branch in christianity, can be explained through the History of Catholicism, the faith of Catholicism, and the structure of the mass and church. The history of Catholicism was long and persecuted religion, that has a history dating back to the times of Jesus. The CatholicsRead MoreThe practises, beliefs and values of Christianity and Islam have an impact on Australia society;1600 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues of Christianity and Islam have an impact on Australia society; however, the media exploits the perceived tension between the two groups which has led to discrimination and violence. Over many years the way of which an individual lives their life has been shown to be affected by the religion of which they follow. This affects the way of life throughout the community surrounding these people, as well as having an impact on the social issues throughout this particular community. Christianity has aRead MoreRomes Contribution to Todays Society Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesContribution to Todays Society Wars of conquest, the birth of democracy and the foundation of modern civilization characterized the Roman era. However, the eras single most important contribution to modern society was Romes adoption of Christianity. Christianity, having its foundational roots in Judaism, was born in the midst of the Roman era. It has shaped todays society on many different levels with varying degrees of legal, political and sociological implications. Christianity was an outgrowthRead MoreA Great Period Of Time1528 Words   |  7 Pagesmain source of knowledge. Many viewed Christianity as the centerpiece of their lives, but the view of many would soon change during the time of the Enlightenment. The enlightenment began in the early 1700’s and during this time period many people started coming up with new ideas about how the world worked. These ideas were geared towards science and reason, which challenged the traditional views of Christianity and therefore made individuals view Christianity differently. These new ideas were broughtRead MoreWhat If Paul Had Never Converted From Christianity?854 Words   |  4 PagesWhat If Paul Had Never Converted to Christianity? If Paul had never converted to Christianity things would be very different. Paul played a pivotal role in spreading Christianity. Without Paul s influence the Roman Empire might still believe in Roman Mythology. Paul heavily influenced Christianity through traveling and teaching. Without Paul s existence things would be very different. Paul s original name was Saul. Saul started out hating and persecuting Christians. Saul had a big conversionRead MoreComparison Of Christianity And Judaism743 Words   |  3 Pagesbelieve it or not they acquire multiple similarities. An example that all these belief systems share is that they all have had an impact on the lives and ways of the people also known as the followers. Two belief systems that I believe are most dominant is Christianity and Judaism. Christianity is by far one of the very most beloved belief systems in the world. Christianity was originated in Judea/ Jerusalem now know as Israel in the middle east, around the year 30 CE.This System was established byRead MoreChristianity And The Christian Church1473 Words   |  6 Pageslife works and teachings of this individual were recorded and spread across the globe, making up the cornerstone of Christ’s most important legacy, Christianity. It is a religion shaped entirely around Jesus’ personal philosophies and ideologies that has forever shaped the course of human history. In order to appreciate the importance of Christianity, first an understanding of the religion itself must be reached. The Christian church teaches that there is one God who created everything. AlthoughRead MoreWomen Role in Christianity and Islam996 Words   |  4 Pagesin Christianity today depends almost entirely upon the context in which women find themselves or choose to be involved in.More conservative Bible-believing women will tend their participation in church leadership etc.The modern womens rights movement has had a dramatic impact on the role of women in Christian churches. Women in Christianity is a vast and complex subject with multiple dimensions as Christianity is one of the largest religions in the world practiced in different societies and

Morality in Ethan Frome Essay examples - 705 Words

Morality in Ethan Frome In The Morality of Inertia, Lionel Trilling argues that Ethan Frome’s inability to make his own ethical decisions ultimately makes his ‘smash-up’ a tragic event caused by the inactivity of morality. The nonexistence of this moral inertia is the explanation, for Trilling, for the outcome of Frome; the lack of moral responsibility in any of the main characters from the beginning of their lives paralyzes their decision making process-- they simply exist and do what is their duty. Trilling’s aspect that Frome was a morally inadequate man is a valid fact affirmed by Edith Wharton’s provided background of him; the idea that he was unable to make choices and is only capable of enduring can be proven inaccurate with†¦show more content†¦Although Frome can be held responsible for his moral inactivity, he can be considered a morally inadequate man in his present state. His inadequacy, however, was not a constant in life or a sudden occurrence-- it snowballed from his youth and finally solidified through the ‘smash-up’. His earlier experiences in a university and the joy it brought him was quickly interrupted after a year by his sickly parents. The unfortunate circumstance forces Ethan Frome to move back to the depressing Starkfield he had just escaped. His parents’ illnesses bring along Zenobia, who would be another future, unseen oppression along with Starkfield. For years, Ethan lives in depressing conditions that decline as time goes on. The chance to finally leave them behind, however, comes in Mattie, Zenobia’s cousin and maid. Ethan’s inability to act on this chance of escape finally seals his fate when Mattie is paralyzed and he is critically injured. Although jinxed with unfortunate circumstances, Ethan Frome’s life could have been bettered if one small step or action was taken by him for himself with the intention to create personal joy or pleasu re. The importance of taking steps in life betterment can be seen in Ethan Frome. Although one may lack a history of â€Å"making moral decisions,† the human instinct to do so is always there (from MoralityShow MoreRelated Essay on Whartons Ethan Frome: Ethan Frome as Fairy Tale750 Words   |  3 PagesEthan Frome as Fairy Tale    Edith Whartons Ethan Frome is vividly real to its readers, its issues continually relevant to society, but through its structure and moral lessons, it is intended to be read as a fairy tale. Elizabeth Ammons discusses this fairy tale in her article Ethan Frome as a Fairy Tale, explaining that the novel is a vision of the narrators. As evidenced by the introductory chapter, the narrator truly has few clues as to the real story of Ethan Frome, and theseRead MoreEthan Frome Character Analysis770 Words   |  4 PagesThe Flaw of Frome Ethan Frome by Elizabeth Wharton is a short novel describing the life and downfall of Ethan Frome, as told by the man himself to an intrigued narrator spending the winter in Starkfield, Massachusetts. Ethan Frome, like many other protagonists, is burdened with a fatal flaw; This imperfection, his love for his wife’s caregiver and niece Mattie, leads to the loss of his wife and a tragic accident leaving him scarred and lame. We are introduced to Frome as the narrator spots him atRead MoreDesire Vs. Morality And Duty3154 Words   |  13 PagesSection I: Theme Desire vs. Morality and Duty: Throughout the novel, Ethan seems to struggle with managing his desire for Mattie and his duty as a husband. This theme is apparent throughout the entirety of the novella. It starts before the book even begins. Ethan, in the first chapter, admits to often walking Mattie, his wife’s cousin, home just to spend few minutes alone with her. However it is first mentioned in the book when Ethan is standing alone, just watching Mattie dance. He knows he hasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Ethan Frome 1453 Words   |  6 Pageslarger part of the novel than it is. However, the setting of Starkfield in Ethan Frome is different in that the depiction of Starkfield is integral to one’s understanding of the underlying motives and feelings of the characters in the novel. The â€Å"accumulated cold of many Starkfield winters† (Wharton 5) tangibly affects the personalities and actions of Ethan, Zeena, and Mattie, mostly negatively. The character of Ethan Frome is first introduced to us via an unnamed narrator, who is an engineer temporarilyRead MoreTheme and Symbol in Ethan Frome1357 Words   |  6 PagesDivided between the two women, Ethan Frome is a highly confused man. He seeks to find some â€Å"ease and freedom† represented by Mattie, but society would not allow him to do so. Society instead compels him to accept its burden represented for him in the shape of Zeena, although it means the ruin of his life. The social pressure, whether it takes the form of conventional morality or any other forms, offers Ethan blind opposition at every turn, leashing his actions â€Å"like the jerk of a chain† (p.3). AwareRead MoreMajor Works Data Sheet2079 Words   |  9 PagesMajor Works Data Sheet Advanced Placement Literature and Composition | |Biographical Information about the Author: | |Title: Ethan Frome | | | |Edith Wharton wasRead MoreA Futile Love Between Ethan Frome, By Edith Wharton2013 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Shallow men believe in luck or in circumstance. Strong men believe in cause and effect.† (Ralph Waldo Emerson). In the novel Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton, it tells a story of a futile love between Ethan Frome and Mattie Silver. Ethan Frome was born on a farm in Starkfield, Massachusetts and has spent nearly the totality of his life there. He went away to college at Worchester but begrudgingly, returned after his father’s death and stayed to take care of his mother whose health was rapidlyRead MoreEssay on Edith Whartons Ethan Frome1992 Words   |  8 PagesEdith Whartons Ethan Frome Edith Wharton has succeeded in creating a place, which by its very name, is isolated and desolate - a mute melancholy landscape, which unrelentingly consumes those within, preventing them from ever escaping its grasp. Furthermore, Whartons novel delves into the human psyche, to give a glimpse of manipulation and entrapment. The prevailing mood is continually bleak and tragic, with only brief interludes of hope and romance, which are quicklyRead MoreThe American Dream, the Global Nightmare Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesAmericans, looking for success as something he is supposed to want, rather than striving toward his individual desire. Thus, the dream now represents some superficial statistic that has nothing to do with true happiness gained by work ethic and morality, but with greed and competition. The dream, in what it represents today, is not able to withstand the impending bite of reality. Just as Gatz finds it almost impossible to be completely satisfied after meeting Daisy, society can just barely hold

Are We on the Same Page free essay sample

My favorite black ink pen sprinted across the spiral notebook page, frantically attempting to keep up with the flood of thoughts seeping through my inspired mind. A meek smile nudged my cheeks as I worked through the page without hesitance, the outer surface of my cupped writing hand bloodied with the thick black ink it danced with. This is how intimate writing and I used to be. Once, a piece of paper, a pen, and a thought-saturated mind were all I needed to connect with a blank page. One word grew to a thousand effortlessly as I revealed my greatest ambitions, my underlying emotions, and my fictional twisted tales to my writing. Presently however, my relationship with writing has become immensely materialistic. A successful reunion with my writing now requires a thesaurus, plenty of erasers if pencil is in use (extra white-out if using pen), and piles of notebook paper to adhere to my crumple-and-toss mistakes; all in hopes that I can conjure a good conversation, paired with the appropriate words to describe my thoughts. We will write a custom essay sample on Are We on the Same Page? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Needless to say, our relationship has become awkward. I find myself halting at every half-sentence due to a shortage of words to depict my ideas. The days of my pen dancing cheerfully along-side my paper have become few and far between. I’m having what some relationship therapists may refer to as a â€Å"falling out† with writing. We encounter each other when necessary, like walking past an old friend you’ve grown apart from in the school hallways. This â€Å"falling out† with writing has been the greatest academic and personal obstacle I’ve reached thus far. I carry a hope that someday we will be able to regain the friendship we once had.

The Effectiveness of Hip Hop in Urban Teacher Education free essay sample

This study draws from a qualitative study of ten Black male K-12 teachers from the Hip Hop Generation who are closely connected to Hip Hop culture and have been effective in addressing the academic and social needs of Black boys. Through an analysis of their social, educational and cultural experiences, this study highlights two organizing principles drawn from Hip Hop Culture-?(a) Call to Service (b) Resistance to Social Injustice-?which profoundly shaped the teaching Identities of these Black men.In the study It discusses the Implications of these principles for nationalizing and creating teaching and learning environments that are supportive for Black male teachers and increase the capacity of all teachers to effectively teach diverse student populations. Introduction The purpose of this study Is to conduct an exploratory research class assignment about Hip-hop. The full title of my research is The Effectiveness of Hip Hop in urban Teacher Education; I chose this topic because I h ave observed firsthand how Hip Hop can be used in the classroom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effectiveness of Hip Hop in Urban Teacher Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hip Hop has become a major tool to use in urban education, particularly as it pertains to training teachers. The idea of using meeting In popular culture for the sake of support instruction Is not new to teacher education. Nevertheless, the academic challenges urban education especially Black male students has made It a necessity to try and recruit more Black men into the teaching field. The feeling is that Blackman can be a great asset in education and can excel in teaching in diverse student population.One response to these feelings has been an increasing focus on Hip Hop and its potential in helping to teach diverse students in an urban setting (Stalls, 2006). Since the origin of Hip Hop more than 40 years ago, it has been demonic and modestly In the field of education and In basic US. Society altogether. It has been described as greatly masculine, sexual, and known to influence criminal behavior. It has been said to promote the lack of personal and academic growth and development of urban youth.Now these are the ideas of the old folks, but Hip Hop has been commodities and sold to young people of all background by the media and entertainment industry, and it has been packaged as an instructional tool for One thing that we can determine as it pertains to teaching and fact would be thats its a calling, everyone cant teach. The statement that teaching is a calling speaks to the heart of the teacher and it address a caring yielding positive socio- emotional outcomes for students of color are motivated by the connection the teacher has towards that student.It is very much factual that the type of momentum that will be needed to attract and sustain teachers in an urban will require teachers that have teaching as a calling and not Just as a profession. The participants in this study believe that as educators, Black men play a big role in helping Black man youth overcome the challenges they face in urban schools as ell as urban communities. In teaching urban students, it is very important to know that there is no magical curriculum: there is no magical school building. The magic is in you, the people (Bridges, 2009, p. 175) Literature Review 1. Oakum, A. A. (2009). Critical hip hop pedagogy as a form of liberator praxis. Equity Excellence in Education, 42 (1), 52-66. From Oakums article I gain a better understand of what hip-hop really is, and what it means to people. For my methodology its best to understand what hip-hop is before trying to abstract mainstream and alternative as subcultures. Without a basic foundation of understanding on a subject it would hard to build and generate new information to support it.Oakums writings also dwell on teaching with hip-hop from a critical standpoint. Some of the subject terms in the teaching are equality and racism. I find out if these terms also appear in the subcultures of hip-hop, mainly mainstream and alternative hip-hop. 2. Forman, M. (1995). Media from and cultural space: negotiating rap fanzines. Journal of Popular Culture, 29 (2), 171-188. Formants article in Journal of popular culture covers the wealth of rap and hip-hop financially. Forman gives examples of way hip-hop music grosses large sums of money without mainstream acceptance.The article goes on to talk about how teenagers boast much of the revenue brought in by hip-hop music and paraphernalia, coining the term a youth culture. Overall, the article describes rap and hip-hop as being dominate fixtures in the cultural economy. Leaders of this hip-hop cultural influence Forman noted from 1995 are Biz Marie, Heavy D, and Public Enemy. In my opinion the cultural status-crow has changed, and mainstream industries no longer ignores but embraces rap and hip-hop music. . Keno, M. (2000). Under ground: what does it really mean anyway;ay?Billboard, 112 (14), 38. This article helps me to better understand what separates underground/alternative hip-hop from the so called mainstream. Keno writes that hip-hop was once all an underground genre. Hip-hop gained mainstream popularity when the hip-hop industry started making millions, along with controversial and rebellious groups such as NNW. With input from Chris Schwartz (CEO of Ruff nation) the article points at a new underground that doesnt always involve the millions of dollars and political controversies.Keno highlights mainstream as having more noise and less music and lacking traditional hip-hop values. One aspect of traditional values is being that the artist is more available to his/her listeners through personal appearances and live performances. 4. Marsh, P. K. (2010). Our generation is opening its eyes: hip-hop and youth identity in contemporary Mongolia. Central Asian Survey, 29 (3), 345-358. From Peter Marshs reaches. Marsh explains how Mongolia is gaining a new cultural identity through popular music. He states that hip-hop is gaining influence in post-socialisticMongolia, but is it mainstream or alternative hip-hop whose long arm reaches half- way across the world to uplift this new Mongolia generation. In the article Marsh gives input from local Mongolia rap artist that tell how hip-hop has inspired them and in return inspired their nation from their rebellious bad boy lyrics. Nevertheless, hip-hop (a form of music that was once smuggled into the country), is now changing the course of the Mongolia politically and socially. Methodology When thinking about the current context of urban education and the national initiative to increase the numbers of Black man teachers in U.S. Public schools, it is an opportune time for teacher education to capitalize on the relationship between Black men, urban youth, and Hip Hop culture. This study draws from a qualitative study of 25 Black male K-12 teachers from the Hip Hop Generation who are closely connected to the Hip Hop culture. They all have a good success rate when addressing the social and academic needs of Black boys. By using an analysis of their social, educational and cultural experiences, this study highlights two organizing principles drawn from Hip Hop culture.A call to service, and a resistance to Hip Hop injustice which shapes the teachers identities of these Black men educators (Lynn, 1999). My interest in re-conceptualizing Hip Hop and re-imaging Black men as conduits for reformation in urban teacher education undergrads the fundamental belief in their collective capacities to encourage urban youth to make meaning of, and more unity engage in, their educational Journeys where creating classroom contexts that normalize their orientations towards service to humanity, self-awareness, social justice, and community activism.Therefore, the two organizing principals of Hip Hop discussed in this art not only frame the pedagogical orientations of the Black male teachers in this study, but they also rep resent principals that should be used to support the intellectual, social, and personal development of urban youth. Three scholars who Vive referenced in my research are Oakum A, Forman A, and Keno M. From Oakums article I gain a better understand of what hip-hop really is, and what it means to people. For my methodology its best to understand what hip-hop is before trying to abstract mainstream and alternative as subcultures.Without a basic foundation of understanding on a subject it would hard to build and generate new information to support it. Oakums writings also dwell on teaching with hip-hop from a critical standpoint. Some of the subject terms in the teaching are equality and racism. I find out if these terms also appear in the subcultures of hip-hop, mainly mainstream and alternative hip-hop. Formants article in Journal of popular culture covers the wealth of rap and hip-hop financially. Forman gives examples of way hip- hop music grosses large sums of money without mainstream acceptance. The article goes on to talk about how teenagers boast much of the revenue brought in by hip- hop music and paraphernalia, coining the term a youth culture. Overall, the article describes rap and hip-hop as being dominate fixtures in the cultural economy. Leaders of this hip-hop cultural influence Forman noted from 1995 are NNW, Chuck D, and KIRKS-I . In my opinion the cultural status-crow has changed, and mainstream acceptance, an educator can move strategies from Hip Hop into the classroom instruction.Kenos article helps me to better understand what separates underground/alternative hip-hop from the so called mainstream. Keno writes that IP-hop was once all an underground genre. Hip-hop gained mainstream popularity when the hip-hop industry started making millions, along with controversial and rebellious groups such as NNW. With input from Chris Schwartz (CEO of Ruff nation) the article points at a new underground that doesnt always involve the millions of dollars and political controversies. Keno highlights mainstream as having more noise and less music and lacking traditional hip-hop values.One aspect of traditional values is being that the artist is more available to his/her listeners through personal appearances and live performances The design that Vive chosen for y research is content analysis because my topic mostly consists of opinion based research from scholars and experts from a specific field or industry. I will not be performing in-depth interviews or surveys because my research deals with the analyzing of music content rather than statistical information. The types of questions that I would utilize in my research are; what are the key differences that separate mainstream hip-hop from alternative.The only samplings that will be used in my research are the articles that I review that have i n-depth research on my topic. Also, to better explain and describe my topic I will utilize audio and video implications for each of the sub-genres in my topic. Expected Conclusion The goal of this study in understanding Hip Hop as grounded in principles services, self-awareness, and sociopolitical resistance, is to humanism, and elevate the experiences and cultural expression of Black men and American boys and throughout the world.The study sought to analyze Hip Hop as a framework that provides Black youth to engage in critical thinking about their lives. In the study, the voices of the part pants echoed the same thing, thats its imperative to attract Black en to the teaching profession and to make deeper and more meaningful connection with Black male students. The study gave suggested implication for establishing learning environment that are supportive for Black males teachers, and that in tell will increase the capacity of all teachers to teach effectively in an urban school setting.The first suggest implication deals with prospective teachers in an urban setting. Teachers education must move away from focusing greatly on standardized t est scores and college grade point average as a selection criterion for accepting prospective students into teaching programs. Instead there should be a calling for teacher who are deeply invested and closely connected to urban communities. Using test scores only as a recruitment measure, limits the search and give us limited access to those who may be the most affective at teaching urban youth.The next suggestion implication deals with recruitment of teachers in a school setting. Historically Black college and universities (Hubbubs), community college, and alternative certification programs would provide K-12 schools access to Black men who may have otherwise overlooked teaching as a viable profession. Organization such as Black fraternities and religious conferences attract Black men who may have otherwise overlooked teaching as a money making profession. Help with educating Black male youth.Same sex classroom, where Black men and boys can truly bond without the other sex to distract. One thing that has been proven overtime and that is boys are heavily influence by the presence of girls. A classroom where Black men engage in traditional curriculum and address the social and personal challenges they faces as a Black youth can be a discussion can cant be measured in value. Reference Oakum, A. A. (2009). Critical hip hop pedagogy as a form of liberator praxis. Equity Excellence in Education, 42 (1), 52-66. Boogie Down Productions. (1989).

How to Tell Which Version of PHP You Have

How to Tell Which Version of PHP You Have If you cant get something to work and think it might  be because you have the wrong version of PHP, theres a really simple way to check the current version.   Different versions of PHP may have different default settings, and in the case of newer versions, might have new functions. If a PHP tutorial is giving instructions for a particular version of PHP, its important to understand how to check the version you have installed. How to Check the PHP Version Running a simple PHP file will not only tell you your PHP version but an abundance of information about all your PHP settings. Just put this single line of PHP code in a blank text file and open it on the server: ?php phpinfo() ? Below is how to check the locally installed version of PHP. You can run this in Command Prompt in Windows or Terminal for Linux/macOS. php -v Heres an example output: PHP 5.6.35 (cli) (built: Mar 29 2018 14:27:15)Copyright (c) 1997-2016 The PHP GroupZend Engine v2.6.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2016 Zend Technologies Is the PHP Version Not Showing in Windows? Given that you actually are running PHP on your web server, the most common reason for the version of PHP not showing up is if the path to PHP is not set up with Windows. You might see the error like this if the correct environment variable isnt  configured: ‘php.exe’ is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. In a Command Prompt, type the following command, where the path after C: is the path to PHP (yours may be different): set PATH%PATH%;C:\php\php.exe

The Black Panther Party

The Black Panther Party The Black Panther Party was established in 1966 by Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale and David Hilliard in Oakland, Ca. The three college students created the organization to provide protection to African-Americans against police brutality.   Within its first few years, the group gained national and international prominence for actions that were considered radical by critics and lauded by supporters.   As a result, of its revolutionary tactics several members of the  Ã‚  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)  joined the Black Panther Party to create the Black Power Movement.   1966   October:   Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale and David Hilliard establish the Black Panther Party of Self-Defense in Oakland, Ca. December: Bobby Hutton, a 16-year-old, is the first male recruit of the Black Panther Party. 1967 January: The Black Panther Party establishes its first headquarters- a storefront on Grove Street in Oakland, Ca.Members Kenny Freeman and Roy Ballard establish the Black Panther Party of Northern California in San Francisco. February: Writer Eldridge Cleaver joins the Party.Members of the Black Panther Party are attacked by law enforcement outside the office of Ramparts magazine while escorting Betty Shabazz, widow of Malcolm X.    April:   BPP publishes the first issue of Black Panther Party: Black Community News Service. This publication will become the organizations official news publication. May: H. Rap Brown becomes national chair of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Stokely Carmichael preceded Brown in this role.An estimated 26 armed BPP members are arrested in Sacramento after invading the state legislature hearing on gun-control laws. 1968 January: The Southern California branch of the BPP is established by Alprentice â€Å"Bunchy† Carter. Carter was also named Deputy Minister of Defense by Newton.A rally is held for the â€Å"Oakland Seven,† an anti-war protest group who were arrested in October of 1967 during the â€Å"Stop the Draft Week† protest.   February: A coalition between the BPP and SNCC is established at a rally honoring Newton. March: Cleaver’s Soul on Ice is published. It is a collection of essays written by Cleaver when he was incarcerated.Arthur Carter is killed by government officials. Carter becomes the first member of the BPP to be murdered. April: The BPP opens an office in New York City. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis.Bobby Hutton, the BPP’s first recruit as well as the organization’s national treasurer is murdered by Oakland law enforcement officials. June:   The alliance formed between SNCC and the BPP ends. As a result, Carmichael is forced to leave SNCC and joins the BPP. August: From August 25 to August 29, the BPP participates in anti-War rioting in Chicago at the Democratic National Convention. September: Newton is found guilty of voluntary manslaughter of an Oakland, police officer. He is sentenced to two to fifteen years in prison. David Hilliard assumes control of the BPP in Newton’s absence. Newton’s conviction is later appealed and reversed. November: The BPP develops several initiatives such as a free breakfast program for low-income children. 1969 January: BPP rolls out its free breakfast program for children at St. Augustine’s Church in Oakland. Other programs follow in areas throughout California as well as New York City. March: Following a speech delivered by Kathleen Cleaver, students at Mills College takeover Robert J. Werk’s office. The college’s president is held prisoner for several hours as students demand minority involvement in student affairs.Bobby Seale is indicted and charged with organizing the riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. April: Carmichael relocates to Guinea with his wife, Mariam Makeba. June: J. Edgar Hoover of the FBI declares â€Å"†¦the Black Panther Party, without question, represents the greatest threat to internal security of the country. He pledges that 1969 would be the last year of the Partys existence.Carmichael leaves the BPP citing political differences with other prominent members. August: Newton wins an appeal, and he is released from prison.Seale is arrested in Berkeley. He is charged with organizing the 1968 Democratic National Convention riots as well as the murder of a BPP member named Alex Rackley. December: BPP leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are found dead in a Chicago apartment following a police raid. 1970 March: Seale’s book, Seize the Time: The Story of the BPP and Huey Newton is published. October: Charges against Seale and other members of the Chicago 8 are dropped. 1971 February: Citing differing points of view on how the BPP should be run, Cleaver expels Newton and Hilliard. 1972 A collection of essays and speeches, To Die for the People, by Huey P. Newton is published. Newton declares that the BPP is â€Å"putting down the gun† and working within the law to help the African-American community progress. Newton also tries to persuade all African-Americans, poor people, and progressive Americans to support Representative Shirley Chisolm for the presidential nomination. 1973 March: Newton publishes his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide. April: Elaine Brown  runs for the Oakland City Council while Bobby Seale runs for mayor of Oakland. 1974 August: Attempting to avoid jail time, Newton flees to Cuba following two assault charges.Elaine Brown assumes administrative roles of BPP. 1989 August: Newton is killed in West Oakland.

Viewing the Globe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Viewing the Globe - Research Paper Example I’m primarily a subsistence farmer, which involves growing enough crops and rearing livestock for my family to live off. I also work 8 hours a day on a local cocoa plantation, but pay is poor, and I only earn $3 per day. In the evening, my wife prepares our family meal. My favorite dishes include stews and fufu, which is a dough-like combination of plantains and cassava or yams, sometimes accompanied by freshly made soup if we have enough food. Vegetables and rice are other important staples of my family’s diet because they are cheap, easy to grow and high in energy. My family rarely buys groceries in shops because we can’t afford them. However, we trade items to get household goods we need. For example, my youngest daughter caught a virus last month, and I traded 8 pints of milk with the local chemist for the medication she needed. The weather is a big challenge and threat to our subsistence farming. The dry season occurs from November-March, with temperatures e xceeding 30Â °c. Last year, an extended draught destroyed half of my crops, which sadly resulted in our youngest child dying of malnutrition.

Project management 'New museum' Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Project management 'New museum' - Assignment Example Projects have a start and end date, the funding limits, consumes human and nonhuman materials (Kerzner, 2006). Project management involves planning and monitoring of the project compares the intended and the actual end of the project. Analyze the impact and making adjustments as needed. (Meredith, 2006). Project management changed from hierarchical matrix to a linear matrix with the Project Manager responsible for the project from planning to completion. This makes selection of a project manager that has a set of skills that allows successful completion of the project. A manager needs experience, knowledge, good communication skills, interpersonal relationship, and the ability to make subset of the teams work in harmony and move the project to completion. Project Managers use a series of planning tools to assign tasks, monitor progress, and ability to adjust project timelines as needed (Meredith, 2006). Stakeholder charts identifies individual and groups with an interest in the proje ct. Some of these stakeholders will work on the project as a team member. Work flow charts break the process used into segments each part dependent on the deliverables of the prior team efforts. In practice several phases operate at the same pace with deliverables due in the same time frame. Gannt charts track progress of the teams and allows for adjustment if one team's deliverable falls behind the due date. Introduction Gotham Science Museum planned expansion has received a legacy from a museum sponsor to fund the entire cost of the project. His bequest asked that environmental science as the focus of the new wing. The education director says that requests for programs dealing with environmental science are increasing. The present education space limits the ability to deliver hands-on environmental classes. The need for more space has become critical due to increase requests for classes and special programs related to the science. Current education department space handles approxi mately 120 students at one time. The education director has a waiting list of schools wanting to programs in the sciences to enhance learning experience of their students in the science disciplines (Chrysler Museum of Art, 2010). . Project The present museum structure has expanded twice in the last twenty years and has reached the limit of expansion capacity. The museum director recommended to the board of directors that the museum locate a building or vacant lot in close proximity to the main museum building as an education annex. A new facility offers potential to carry out the request of the legator that the new center concentrate on environmental science. An acquisition committee searched the available buildings and lots that fill the museum's vision of the annex. The city council stepped in with an offer of the Gotham Bank Building. The building is located close to the industrial section of the city, and in close proximity to the waterfront park. The building is five stories an d offers an opportunity to completely gut and renovate the building using green technologies. The site selected, a planning committee organized of professional museum staff, members of the museum's support staff, and the city assigned an engineer and building inspector to the committee to advise on the feasibility of possible renovation concepts. The planning committee

Promoting the Culture of Peace in the World Essay Example for Free

Promoting the Culture of Peace in the World Essay Introduction: No doubt, the world is a vast battle-field where almost every nation fights each other. Every nation has its own military equipments. What are these for? They are only for fighting other nations whenever a war breaks out. This only shows that the world is in a very dangerous situation now a day. Every day, every second, there is a possibility of outbreak of war, nuclear war as well as cold war. It means that there is a big threat in our every day life. Not only this, terrorists also make every corner of the globe insecure. It is disheartening that the old aged, innocent children and women are in this situation that they do not feel secured and safe. Who is responsible for this, is it the politicians, or the armies, or the bureaucrats? All of them including the selfish industrialists and rich people are responsible. Who would then step out to deal with this restlessness? We, the Youth would surely be the answer. Basic Elements: The basic important step to be taken by the youth is to protect and promote human rights. Human rights include our rights for living; in order to live, we need food, and in order to have food, we need to work to earn our daily living. Peaceful and happy life is the dream of everybody. If any one is lacking of peaceful life, he is automatically lacking of happiness, so that he may become desperate, depressed or disappointed in life. The desperate or disappointed persons are the most dangerous persons in the world. In the context of North East India where various terrorist groups are in active, one Minister in the region once said, The main cause of insurgency in the North East region is that the Centre neglected this remote area. This would be true to some extent that almost all the insurgent activities in North East India are demanding independence. Some of them are seeking for secure life which would be free from the threat of assimilation by other communities. The immediate cause of insurgency in the Lushai Hills (now Mizoram) was also Mautam Famine that Laldenga and friends felt that the Central Government of India was not taking a satisfactory action to relieve the victims of that famine, and then they rebelled against the Government of India and declared Independence in the year 1966. All these are related to Human Rights, since the people felt that the Government was not taking any step for the well being of its people, almost all of them supported the rebellious activities. From the above viewpoint, we may perceive that the main cause of insurgency and terrorism is human rights violation where the victims became conscious of their rights and then claimed the same consequently. In the context of the Middle East Crisis, one thing very clear is that almost all the terrorists in that area fight for freedom, not only for political freedom but also for religious freedom. Some Islamic terrorists fight for the supremacy of Islamism that would be free from Christian domination. In all the activities of the insurgents and the terrorists, the most important instruments are the youth of those respective communities. Supposed, all these youth who are in active in terrorism and insurgency had quitted their efforts for the same, obviously the activities of insurgency and terrorism would have been null and void and there would not be a big threat in our every day life. Nevertheless, these youth had firmly committed to fight for their community and to sacrifice their lives for the same. So, in order to promote peace culture, the youth are most concern. What to do: Since the important hand and leg of terrorists are youth among themselves, the responsibility of the youth today is very high that we need to step out to deal with this. Walt Disney said that the way to get started is to stop talking and to begin working, so that it is not enough to discuss and debate upon Promotion of Culture of Peace in the World, we have to step out. It is the duty of every intellectual and educated youth to win the heart of our brothers and sisters who are in active in terrorism. We need to negotiate them, whether or not they welcome, we need to approach them, we may fail at once, but we should not quit. Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, the former President of India on the occasion of his visit to Mizoram University on 24th September 2005 said, â€Å"Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is Peace in the World†. This statement is truly acceptable because the righteous person would never harm the others, he would never hamper development of the world Peace and Prosperity. So that we, the youth have to keep this in mind, and let it remind us of our duty to counsel our fellow youth, whether they are terrorists or civilians. For promoting the culture of peace in the world, it is an urgent need to take the suggested steps mentioned below: †¢As mentioned above, the first important step would be creating awareness among the youth, common people. We should make our fellow youth aware of the urgent need to make an effort for promoting the culture of Peace in the world. We can organize awareness campaign and other various programmes related to it. We can make them aware of the same by writing articles and essays in the newspapers and magazines. †¢We can produce Television Programme and documentary films related to terrorism and the urgent need of stepping out in mission to stop terrorism. †¢We can have sincere conversation with our friends, families and so on. So that they can propagate this issue to various other persons. If we do so, it would be effective in promoting the culture of peace in the world. †¢To have peaceful life, one should have secure life. So, it is our duty to push the government of our respective country to provide for various schemes for the well being of its subjects. For instance, in the State of Mizoram, the common people are not satisfied enough by the developmental works carried out by the state government, so that the farmers are recently conscious of their rights, they revive and constitute an organization known as â€Å"Zoram Kuthnathawktu Pawl (ZKP)† that is strongly going on to drive the government to the right way. In the mean time, almost all the members felt frustrated and has become despair because of corruption, and then there is a big threat of bloody revolution. All these are the result of unsatisfactory governance, practice of corruption, negligence, so on and so forth. However, at the same time in Mizoram, the senior prominent citizens revived and recently constituted â€Å"Mizoram Democratic Movement (MDM)† which was also the outcome of famous television Talk Show entitled â€Å"Thalaite Hmathlir (Vision of the Youth) organized by the youth that inspire and motivate everybody who is willing to have good governance. These youth of Mizoram also recently constituted an organization called â€Å"Youth Movement for Mizoarm (YMM)† that brought about moral reformation and awareness on the urgent need of good governance. And it blows like a cyclone within the state of Mizoram. Many people supported this movement and it is now hoped that it would bring about peaceful revolution. This YMM has been taking active part in promoting peace and prosperity, and because of their movement, the threat for bloody revolution by the ZKP has also calmed down and these three organizations are planning to work in cooperation for peace and development. So, it is obvious from this instance that we, the youth would step out to create awareness, to motivate our fellow youth, to inspire our parents to stop practicing corruptions and any other unfair means for promoting the culture of peace in the world. †¢We should negotiate and counsel our fellow youth who are in Terrorist groups telling them that it is not the reason why God made us to terrorize the others. We should prevent instigation of the new generations by terrorism and insurgency. †¢We should also motivate religious leaders to feed their sheep spiritual and moral laws, to tell them the purpose of God in creating men, to propagate the essentiality of peace and harmony in living together, to love one another. †¢We should always remember Gandhiji’s â€Å"Ahimsa†. As mentioned in the beginning of this paper, Nissim Ezekiel, Indian poet urged the people of the world to follow Mahatma Gandhi and that is the right way to promote Peace and Non-Violence. Works cited: oRamdinmawia, James. Poet or Reader. Talk on All India Radio, Aizawl Station. oEzzekiel, Nissim. Very Indian Poem in Indian English. oLalrawnliana, Col. Mizoramin Zalenna a Sua Vol. 2. oKindyah, P.R. Mizo Freedom Fighters.

Ngugi wa Thiong’os Personal and Political Beliefs Through A Grain of W

Ngugi wa Thiong’o's Personal and Political Beliefs Through A Grain of Wheat Ngugi wa Thiong’o is a Kenyan born writer of Gikuyu descent, born in 1938 in Limuru. He attended Alliance High School in Kenya, Makere University in Uganda, and Leeds University in England. In 1992 Ngugi was honored with the Paul Robeson Award for Artistic Excellence, Political Conscience, and Integrity. He received the Gwendolyn Brooks Center Contributors’ Award for Significant Contribution to the Black Literary Arts in 1994. Currently he is The Erich Remarque Professor of Comparative Literature and Performance Studies at New York University. However, before achieving this notability, Ngugi experienced life in a colonized country. This ultimately led Ngugi to become an active supporter of Kenyan independence and Jomo Kenyatta through his writings. Ngugi’s personal and political beliefs are reflected in his novel A Grain of Wheat, which he wrote as an optimistic patriot. Ngugi has written numerous novels and plays on the politics, the corruption, capitalism, religious hypocrisy and the cultural effects of colonization. Some of his works include Weep Not, Child (1964), Decolonising the Mind (1986), and Detained: A Writer's Prison Diary (1981). To further support his political belief, Ngugi stopped writing his books in English. He called his book Decolonising the Mind his "farewell to English" (Margulis http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/Ngugi.html) because it would become his last book written in English. In 1978 Ngugi was imprisoned for one year, without trial, by the Kenyan government after co-writing the play I Will Marry When I Want. It was during this imprisonment that he wrote the book Detained to describe his ordeal. However, Ngu... ... the elections. Ngugi does remain optimistic that one day his people will reunite and learn that change is inevitable, and one-day Kenya will achieve what its founding fathers envisioned. Works Cited Behrent, Megan. â€Å"Ngugi wa Thiong’o on the Language Question†. Online posting. 1997. Political Discourse – Theories of Colonialism & Postcolonialism. November 10, 1999. <http://landow.stg.brown.edu/post/poldiscourse/behrent.html.> Margulis, Jennifer. â€Å"Ngugi wa Thiong’o†. Online posting. Spring 1996. Ngugi wa Thiong’o. November 10, 1999. <http://www.emory.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/Ngugi.html.> Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Personal Interview. October 28, 1999. Ngugi wa Thiong'o. A Grain of Wheat: New Hampshire: Heinemann, 1967. "Ngugi wa Thiong'o" Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.eb.com:180/bol/topic?eu=57045&sctn=1 [November 10, 1999]

Love and Courtship in Shakespeare’s Day Compared to Modern Views on Love and Courtship.

Love and courtship in Shakespeare’s day compared to modern views on love and courtship. During the renaissance the Europeans saw love and courtship as two different yet important parts of life. It concerned expectations of families and communities, not just the longings of the couple. Shakespeare’s ‘Midsummer Night Dream’ gives us a clear view of a typical situation when couples fall in love and defy the rules. In the play there are four characters (Hermia, Helena, Lysander and Demetrius) all of which fall into one big love catastrophe.Both Lysander and Demetrius loved Hermia at the beginning of the play, Hermia loved Lysander and Helena loved Demetrius, as the play goes on both Lysander and Demetrius fall in love with Helena . In the end Hermia and Lysander reunite and Helena and Demetrius fall in love. In Robert Herrick’s ’To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time’, the poem shares a common message with the Europeans of the renaissance per iod and that is to live life to the absolute fullest. How does the renaissance view compare with the modern views on love and courtship?Love in the renaissance was an over powering force which could be both spiritual and sexual. Spiritual love means love without expectations. Normally when one loves anyone there is some form of expectation attached and it is conditional. However spiritual love is unconditional, no matter what the circumstances are. This form of love is divine and only develops after a considerable amount of spiritual practice when one perceives God in everyone. So also, we become happier individuals when our love is not adulterated or diluted by expectations.The Poets of the renaissance time period believed love was pure and selfless emotion. Yet some poets believed love was sexual. Sexual love is a deep feeling of sexual desire and attraction. They believed sexual desire is a vital part of love. However In midsummer night dream there are two situations in which ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s contradicted , firstly, Hippolyta rebukes theseus’s sexual desire until after their wedding day and secondly, Hermia refuses to satisfy Lysander’s sexual desire ,as they lay in the forest floor, until after they are married. Love is a well thought emotion back in the renaissance.Overall love in the renaissance period was confusing yet somehow magical. On the other hand modern love varies. Boys and girls are falling love every second of the day calling it a simple ‘Crush’. However love has a deeper meaning it’s the strong positive emotion of regard and affection. Overall love is important and meaningful part of renaissance and modern time periods Courting in the renaissance is really just the more traditional version of dating. In courting there are usually more restrictions that are forced upon two lovers who are ready to be betrothed.Courting is a much more formal way to get to know your beloved. The two people are prearranged to meet in a private setting such as the home of one of the two people. If the ‘date’ is to be in a more public location, the female must be accompanied by a family member or close friend. Usually the man will woo the female yet he is less anxious about the physical side of the relationship and is more interested in creating a deeper and meaningful connection. In the poem ‘to the virgins, to make much of time’ the male tells the female about the brevity of life.He is wooing her as he tells her life is short and to live it to the fullest. The male usually persuades the female to show physical love by telling ‘tomorrow will be dying ‘and therefore seize the opportunity. Overall courting is a product of a more traditional culture and its variety of ways that still have much to contribute to our developing world. In comparism dating is a much informal way to get to know you’re beloved. It is a private affair between two people who arranged to meet somewh ere, usually in public. Such dates can be watching a movie in the theaters or having a meal together in a restaurant.Dating is a situation where the people get a chance to find out whether they are suited for each other before getting to know each other in a spiritual intellect. Dating can engage romantic talk, kissing, making out, and sometimes sex. Even without the preventive rules of courting dating can often lead to permanent relationships and latter on marriage. Overall dating is a product of a modern day society and is a generally evolved with behavior that has developed as a result of sexual freedom and disposing of religious, ethical and social standards.Every now and then A few Renaissance couples, ran away to be married in secret. They did this so they can marry for love. Defiant couples faced greater obstacles to elopement because many Anglican communities required parental consent. This applied especially for couples below certain ages. No matter how strict the rules wer e there were always some clever couples who managed to bypass them. In the play midsummer’s night dream Hermia and Lysander run away after hermias father Egeus gives his consent to Demetrius ‘Demetrius, stand forth.My noble lord, this man hath my consent to marry her. ’ The couple wasn’t at all amused at this decision and therefore both decided to runaway to Lysander’s widowed aunt’s house. If the couple were to be caught they will bring shame upon their families and will be separated for life. The consequences of this mainly bestow upon the female. ‘You must either suffer death, or have no further contact with men. ’ The female will either be killed by her father’s grant or become a nun for life. However this is not quite the contrary in modern days.Firstly there aren’t as tight rules as they had in renaissance period. Modern couples have the freedom to marry whom they wish. There are still some customs in a modern marriage. Firstly the man should propose this is the giving of the engagement ring to the women. The parents are then notified separately if the wedding is to take place; it will be organized mainly by the bride’s family. The couple will never need to runaway to get married; they have a right, that’s something they didn’t have back in the renaissance.Even if they did the punishment will definitely not be a harsh as the punishment of the renaissance period. Overall runaway couples are two completely different situations in the renaissance and modern periods of time. In conclusion love and courtship are two very important aspects of life. From the above points we can come to a conclusion modern views are more relaxed whereas the renaissance view consisted of some really strict restrictions. Thought the views are relatively related they are both completely different opinions on love and courtship.

Scholarly Paper

The caring component of nursing encompasses much more than a combination of scientific and the technical. It encompasses the mandates a balance of â€Å"the head, the heart, and the hands† or â€Å"the science, the skill, and the spirit.† Nursing has its roots in the humanities, which address the wholeness of the persons for whom we care. Nursing has been sanctioned by society; nursing care satisfies a real human need. Nursing mandates the interaction with people at the most intimate level during the most crucial and critical times in their lives. And yet, the liberal arts in our educational programs continue to diminish to accommodate the scientific knowledge necessary to practice nursing. Nurse midwives provide comprehensive prenatal care including delivery for patients who are at low risk for complications. For the most part, they manage normal prenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum care. Provided that there are no complications, normal newborns are also cared for by a nurse midwife. Nurse midwives often provide primary care for women's issues from puberty post menopause. As a profession that seemingly demonstrates many of the same behaviors as obstetrics and gynecologist, we need to not only demonstrate but also document how midwifery differs from obstetrics and gynecology. Although the behaviors that a midwife, a physician a nurse- practitioner, or a physician's assistant demonstrate when providing women's health care may be similar, the origin, attitudes, and perception of the care may be radically different. If midwives truly provide women- oriented care with a focus on excellence in the process of providing care and attentiveness to outcomes, this should clearly be reflected in each client's medical record. Nurses long have been concerned with the psycho-social responses of clients to health and health alterations. The interrelationship of physiological and psychological heath requires careful attention to both dimensions within the client's family, cultural, and environmental context, and with consideration of the client's developmental level. (Tharpe, 2006, p, 1) Psycho-social functioning has two components: intrapersonal and interpersonal. Intrapersonal functioning refers to that which goes on within the individual, whereas interpersonal functioning involves a person's interactions or relationships with others. During the intrapersonal and interpersonal assessment the nurse's attention should focus on the client's current psychosocial status, with enough history to yield an appreciation of the individual's present â€Å"self.† For a comprehensive approach, the intrapersonal and interpersonal components of the nursing assessment should not be isolated from other parts of the assessment. For example, while assessing a client's physiological status, the client's interaction with and responses to the nurse provide information about cognitive style, affect, and language. (Styles, Patricia 1996, 7) The current motto of the American College of Nurse-Midwives- â€Å"With women, for lifetime†- summarizes concisely the vast area of midwifery health care. While the name â€Å"midwife† conjures images of pregnancy care and attendance at birth, the fact is that for century's midwives have been called upon to assist women in health care matters that have extended beyond childbearing. Historically, midwives have helped women with issues regarding menarche, menstruation, and menopause. And this historical role has not only extended throughout the twentieth century but has expanded further. (Vaeney, 2004, p, 380) Reference Bellack, P, Janis. Barbara, J, Edlund. (1992). Nursing Assessment and Diagnosis, London: Jones & Barlett Publishers, 337 Cody, K, Willam. Kenny W, Janet. (2006). Philosophical and Theoretical Perspectives for Advanced Nursing Practice, London: Jones & Barlett Publishers Styles, Madden, Margretta. Patricia, Moccia. (1996) On Nursing: A Literary Celebration: an Anthology, London: Jones & Barlett Publishers, 7 Tharpe, L, Nell. (2006) Clinical Practice Guidelines for Midwifery & Women's Health, London: Jones & Barlett Publishers, 1 Vaeney, Helen. Kriebs, M, Jan. Margretta, L, Carolyn. (2004). Verney's Midwifery: fourth edition, London: Jones & Barlett Publishers, 380      

French Love Vocabulary

French Love Vocabulary French is often called the language of love. Here is some love related French vocabulary. To know how to say I love you in French - its more complicated than what it seems and not knowing exactly what you are saying could lead to a huge embarrassment, I suggest you check out my lesson about How To Say I Love You in French. French Love Vocabulary Lamour - loveLamitià © - friendshipMon amour - my love (could be used as a French term of endearment, either for a man or a woman)Mon chà ©ri, ma chà ©rie - darling (note the i sound at the end)Je taime - I am in love with youJe laime - I am in love with him/herJe suis amoureux / amoureuse de toi, lui, elle, vous... - I am in love with you, him, her, you (formal or... plural !)Tomber Amoureux / amoureuse - to fall in love (not tomber en amour which is used in Canadian French but not in France)Est-ce que tu veux sortir avoir moi - would you like to go out with me ?Est-ce que tu veux bien mà ©pouser - would you marry me? The bien here means are you willing to marry me, but its what we traditionally say.To kiss - embrasser, sembrasser. WATCH OUT !!! Not baiser... Im sorry to be vulgar but you need to be aware that un baiser is fine, it a kiss, but baiser as a verb nowadays means to f..k.A kiss - un baiser, un bisou - I wrote a whole article on the subject of  French kisses.Les fia nà §ailles - engagement Se fiancer - to get engagedUn fiancà ©, une fiancà ©e - someone you are engaged to. But sometimes used to say someone you are just dating.Le mariage - marriage, wedding (only one R in French)Se marier avec qqun - to get married with someoneÉpouser quelquun - to marry someoneLa lune de miel  - HoneymoonUn mari - a husbandUne femme - a wifeUn petit-ami - a boyfriendUne petite-amie - a girlfriend If you liked this article, I suggest you take a look at my  French terms of endearment audio article, and also the  French dating system explained  on my own site French Today. You may also like: Dialogue About Kissing - Easy Bilingual StoryHow To Say I love You in FrenchFrench Canadian Love ExpressionsFrench Valentines Day Traditions and Vocabulary - Easy Bilingual Story

Anion Chemistry Glossary Definition and Examples

Anion Chemistry Glossary Definition and Examples An anion is an  ionic species having a negative charge. The chemical species may be a single atom or a group of atoms. An anion is attracted to the anode in electrolysis. Anions are typically larger than cations (positively charged ions) because they have extra electrons around them. The word anion [an-ahy-uh  n]  was proposed by English polymath  Rev.  William  Whewell in 1834, from Greek anion thing going up, referring to the movement of anions during electrolysis. Physicist Michael Faraday was the first person to use the term anion in a publication. Anion Examples Free chloride in an  aqueous  table salt (NaCl) solution:  Cl-Singlet oxygen:  O-Superoxide: O2-Hydroxide ion: OH-Sulfate: SO42-Al(OH)4- Anion Notation When naming a chemical compound, the cation is given first, followed by the anion. For example, the compound sodium chloride is written NaCl, where Na is the cation and Cl- is the anion. The net electrical charge of an anion is denoted using a superscript after the chemical species symbol. For example, the phosphate ion PO43- has a charge of 3-. Since many elements display a range of valences, determining the anion and cation in a chemical formula isnt always clearcut. In general, the difference in electronegativity may be used to identify the cation and anion in a formula. The more electronegative species in a chemical bond is the anion.​  Look here for a table of common Anions.

Best buy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Best buy - Essay Example By so doing, they will feel part of the organization. Consequently, they will contribute significantly towards the success of the organization (Powell 60). The major issue that was discussed during the trip to Memphis was the issue of embracing diversity within the Best Buy’s organization. The managers were shown the importance of having gender and racial diversity. They were also challenged to go and ensure that they implement this diversification in their departments. They were asked to go and encourage their employees to be confident of themselves. As a result, Best Buy went and increased the number of females in the management positions. Consequently, out of this move, the company has noted that the revenue from the female customers in about four years has risen by $4.4 billion (Powell 60). With a diverse workforce, the representation of the various genders and races makes it possible to have diverse qualities that are important to the Best Buy in one way or the other. Therefore, during the decision making process in the company, it is possible for the organization to have many brilliant contributions from the diverse workforce. These contributions constitute the bottom line in the organization (Powell

Introduction to the Old Testament and Pentateuch Essay

Introduction to the Old Testament and Pentateuch - Essay Example This section significantly covered the origin and fall of man beginning in the time of Adam and Eve then Noah and the Great Flood up to the tower of Babel – the moment the Lord confused the language of the whole world. Section II (Genesis 12 – 36) conveys the narrative of the patriarchs and matriarchs from Abraham and Sarah to Isaac and Rebecca then later descendants in Jacob who married Leah and Rachel. In this section, God’s covenant with Abraham is made known – the Covenant of Circumcision, where God spoke to Abraham and told him that he would become the father of many nations. The destruction of the sinful cities Sodom and Gomorrah by two of God’s angels as well as how Jacob obtained the name Israel are accounted for herein. Section III (Genesis 37, 39 - 50) initiates with the story of Joseph and his dreams and the moment his brothers sold him to the Ishmaelites from whom Potiphar bought him in Egypt. This narrative further includes Josephâ€⠄¢s journey in Egypt, his prosperity through the Pharaoh whose dreams he satisfactorily interpreted, and the time when he revealed himself to his brothers. The section also comprised rich details considering how Joseph took charge of the famine in both Egypt and Canaan and ends with the blessings and death of Jacob. (2) The Four Sources of the Pentateuch The Pentateuch was written over about five centuries from the 11th to the 6th century B.C. and then collected and edited during the Exile by the scholars who, in the last two centuries, performed thorough analytical study of the first five books especially of the alternate uses of the sacred name of YHWH with the generic noun for divinity, elohim. As collector and editor of the Pentateuch at the time of the Exile, they carefully joined four sources into the Pentateuch. These are the so-called Yahwist, Elohist, Priestly, and Deuteronomist sources and are usually abbreviated as J, E P, and D. Each source is distinct in its own theolog ical viewpoint and literary style to the books of the Pentateuch which may be observed upon critical reading. The Yahwist Source: The Yahwist source prefers to use the sacred tetragrammaton [the four Hebrew consonants = YHWH], which was pronounced as â€Å"Yahweh,† God’s personal name revealed to Moses at the Burning Bush. In literary style, the Yahwist is concrete and imaginative, using anthropomorphism [â€Å"in human form†] in its theological description of YHWH’s activities. The Yahwist was a collector of the old legendary stories of the mythic ancestors. The Yahwist writes from the point of view of the south during the time of the Divided Monarchy. The Elohist Source: In contrast to the Yahwist source, the Elohist source prefers to use the generic common noun for God, elohim. The Elohist is sober and moralistic. The Elohist writes from the point of view of the northern kingdom during the time of the Divided Monarchy. The Priestly Source: The Priestly source concentrates on genealogies and on the traditions of the Israelite priests. The Priestly author at the end of the Babylonian Exile may have done the compiling and editing of the Pentateuch. The Deuteronomist Source: The Deuteronomist source, written at the end of the monarchy, is characterized by its

The Relationship between Employee Commitment and Employee Engagement, Assignment

The Relationship between Employee Commitment and Employee Engagement, Employee Satisfaction - Assignment Example It also can be referred as creating a healthy work environment for the employees in order to motivate them. It will help the employees to connect with their work and job responsibilities (Storey, Wright and Ulrich, 2009, p.300). On the other hand, commitment can be defined as willingness to persevere in a course of reluctance and action to change plans. The employees devote their energy and time to fulfil their job responsibility as well as their personal, community, family and spiritual obligations. Employees, who are committed to their organizations and highly engaged in their job, provide effective competitive advantages to the organizations in terms of higher output. Uncommitted employees do not bother about workplace performance and outputs. On the other hand, the committed employees tend to provide their total effort to fulfil their personal career goals and job responsibility. Engagement of an employee cannot possible without effective commitment towards the organization and s eer hard work. Leaders or the managers of an organization play a vital role in employee engagement. It is important for a manager to provide value to the needs or satisfaction level of an employee in order to retrain employee commitment and employee engagement. Only a motivated employee can perform effectively in an organization. ... It will help an organization to achieve success (Mannelly, 2009, p.161). Committed employees are more engaged to their job and organization comparing to the uncommitted employees. Employee engagement, employer practices, work performance and business results are highly related to each other. It is the responsibility of the employers to motivate their employees to perform efficiently. Effective performance appraisal, incentive systems, career growth opportunities are the motivation and performance drivers for an employee in an organization. These aspects made an employee committed to their job. Committed employees provide their best performance in order to capitalize on the potential career opportunities. Therefore, it can be stated that, effective employee engagement can help an organization to increase its business productivity. Effective performance appraisal system increases the commitment level of an employee. It is evident that the global workplace behaviour is changing dramatic ally (Albrecht, 2010, p.67). Now-a-days, the customers are trying to achieve value added and high quality products and services. Therefore, the global organizations are trying to motivate their workforce in order to meet with the demand of the customers. The uncommitted employees cannot perform effectively due to lack of workplace motivation. As the skilled and motivated employees are the biggest assets of an organization, therefore it is responsibility of the organization to take care of their needs. Therefore, it can be concluded that committed employees are more engaged with their work and responsibilities than the uncommitted employees. Is it correct to say that Committed Employees are more satisfied than

A Comparison Of Multiple Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Multiple Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay To have a deep understanding in international relations, everyone must grasp many theories which are Realism theory, Liberalism theory, International Political Economy theory, and others. Realism theory is one of the oldest theories that has been created for a long time that is why many people have a view that Realism theory is an outdated approach or that Realism theory can no longer be used to explain international relations. However, we strongly believe that Realism theory is still playing an imperative role in interpreting current international relations. In this paper, we are going to demonstrate that Realism theory is not an outdated theory in international relations since Realism theory is still being used to explain international relations at current circumstances. We begin with providing an overview of Realism theory, and we, then, gives several case studies in order to prove that Realism theory is not outdated. Overview of Realism Theory Since Realism theory has been emerged for a long time, many elements of Realism theory have been developed. Thus, we need to know those elements so that we can have a clear picture of Realism theory. In this part, five crucial elements of Realism theory, which are classical realism, neo-classical realism, strategic realism, structural realism or neo-realism, and stability realism or hegemony and balance of power, will be briefly explored. Classical Realism In classical realism, there are three prominent realism scholars whose names are Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes. Thucydides, who is an ancient Greek historian, developed his main concept in classical realism, which is called naturalist character to show that there is anarchy in international relations. He believes that all states are naturally unequal in power that is why they usually have competitions and conflicts among them. Thucydides agrees with the idea that Man is a political animal said by Aristotle, and he further ascertains that political animals are highly unequal in their powers and capabilities to dominate others and to defend themselves. Thus, he recommended that all states, especially weak states, and statespeople must conduct properly in IR by knowing deeply the inequality of power environment so that they can survive and prosper. Decision makers should have thought deeply and carefully before making the final ones whether or not the outcome is goo d. More importantly, he introduces the view that there is no Justice in equality of power in IR. It means that the great power ones can do whatever they want whereas the minor power ones suffer what results from the actions of great power want. Indeed, Thucydides sees that there is anarchy in international relations since there is an inequality of power. Therefore, all states, especially weak states, have no real choices in operation, but they try to adapt into the environment of power politics or go to war in order to secure and survive. The other crucial classical realist in IR is the Renaissance Italian political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli who believes that state leaders always try to take advantages and prevent state interest for their countries. In doing so, state leaders need to use two important means in conducting foreign policy which are power and deception. Leaders need power because when they are strong, they are able to defend their countries and to pursue their national interest. Using deception in foreign policy also helps leaders not to miss the opportunity to gain advantages for their countries. State leaders need to grasp well about their rivals or competitors so that it is easy for them to win over their rivals or competitors. Beside this, he has an assumption that the world is a dangerous place, but there are opportunities in the world as well. Therefore, in order to survive, states must know the danger in order to survive, or states must be aware of opportunities so that they can take advantages of them. Furthermore, he commented leaders that they should not perform foreign policy accordance with the principle of Christian ethics such as love thy neighbor, be peaceful, and avoid war except in self-defense because that principle can lead their states to be destroyed. In conclusion, Machiavelli believes that state is self-interest and that the world is a dangerous place, but the there are opportunities in the world as well. He also provides statecrafts for state leaders to conduct so that they take advantages or bring security for their countries. Beside Thucydides and Niccolo Machiavelli, the seventeen-century English political and legal philosopher Thomas Hobbes who lived at a time of great social change and political instability is also an influential classical realist. Therefore, he developed his concept that is relevant to the nature of political power or sovereign power. He elaborated why people agreed to jointly create sovereign state. Before the creation of sovereign state, people lived in danger because they always have conflicts or wars with each others. Therefore, in order to live in secure and peace, they collaborated with each others to create sovereign state. However, the creation of sovereign state poses other serious political problem which is security of dilemma because no one can control sovereign states. Neoclassical Realism Neoclassical realism is the second evolution of realism theory. Morgenthau is a vital neoclassical realist, and he is pessimistic about natural politic of human being. People are born to pursue power and to enjoy the fruit of power so that they can survive or prosper. The desire of gaining power makes them have conflicts or wars with each others. As a result, there will be international anarchy and conflicts in system of states. Moreover, Morgenthau has similar idea about morality in conduction foreign policy with Thucydides and Machiavelli. As a responsible leader for a state, he or she needs to perform or engage in foreign policy or politics that he or she would be wrong according to private morality. For instance, he or she might lie, spy, and cheat. Strategic Realism Other element of realism theory is strategic realism, and the noticeable scholar of strategic realism is Thomas Schelling whose main focus is foreign policy decision-making. He believes that foreign policy of state is rational which means that state constructs foreign policy depend on what state want to achieve so that game theory can be used to deeply explain foreign policy of state. In game theory, individual that is rational always try to do something in order to satisfy his/her preference. Beside this, he has a view that when state faces diplomatic and military issues, state leader need to find strategic and instructional though in dealing with them. By doing do, state leader is able to make his state survive and be better off. More importantly, he also provides analytical tools for instrumentally strategic thought which are brute force and coercion. In brute force, he refers to the way that state deals with issues by using military force or going to war. On the other hand, coerc ion refers to the way that state solves issues by diplomacy or bargaining, so having a deep understanding of her opponents lets state use bargaining method to solve issues more easily and effectively. In short, according to Thomas Schelling, state needs to think strategically in confronting diplomatic and military issues. Structural Realism In 1979, Kenneth K. Waltz attempted to reformulate other international theories including classical realism in a new and distinctive way, by applying a more scientific approach, which was known as Neorealism or Structural Realism. Waltz took international structures as the center of analysis, and the international structures are internaional anarchy, states as like units, unequal state capability, and great power relations. Unlike classical realists, Waltz believed that human nature had little to do in the system since they were shaped by the social struture or architecture. The anarchic system urged states to pursue power and compete with each other in order to survive, otherwise they would be trapped in the system. Neorealists believed that power is a mean to an end, and the ultimatevend is survival. According to Waltz, there were five straight forward assumptions to explain why states want power. The first assumption is that great powers are the main actors in world politics and t hey operate in an anarchic system. The second assumption is that all states possess some offensive military capability. Each state, in other words, has the power to inflict some harm on its neighbor. The third assumption is that states can never be certain about the intentions of other states. The fourth assumption is that the main goal of states is survival. States seek to maintain their territorial integrity and the autonomy of their domestic political order. The fifth assumption is that states are rational actors, which is to say they are capable of coming up with sound strategies that maximize their prospects for survival. Neorealist Stability Theory John Mearsheimer is an offensive realist in structural realism theory and he describes about balance of power and hegemony and agrees that military power is still a main tool and critical element in world politic. John Mearsheimer, currently the professor at US University differs from other realists because he determined that the behaviors of states are affected by the anarchical structure of international relations. He agrees that the world nowadays is anarchic where there are the crashes between the states especially powerful ones with no world government to rule over sovereign states and challenge its sovereignty. They, states, are trying to compete for power and seek hegemony. However, states, in fact, can only become the hegemony in their own region of the world but they also want to make sure that no other regional hegemony in any part of the world emerges as a peer competitor. For example, this is what the goal of United States is to protect its sphere of influence in Europe a nd East Asia and it also ensures that there are no other competitors rising to challenge its position. Indeed, if China wants to become the competitor to United States in East Asia, United States will prevent China from intervening in other regions such as the case of South China Sea. This is why his theory was called as offensive realism which rest on assumption that great power are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals, with hegemony as their final goal. Mearsheimer also stated that the anarchy has two principle consequences. First, there is little room for trust among states and state can ever be certain another state will not use its military capability. Second, each state must guarantee its own survival because no other actor will provide its security. As a result, states inherently have to possess offensive military capability as the necessary protection. We can summarize the discussion thus far by briefly stating what these realists basically have in common. First, human beings as well as states are self-interest. Second, they agree that the human condition is a condition of insecurity and conflict which must be addressed and dealt with. Third, they agree that there is a body of political knowledge, or wisdom, to deal with the problem of security, and each of them tries to identify the keys to it. Finally, they agree that there is no final escape from this human condition, which is a permanent feature of human life. In other words, although there is a body of political wisdom-which can be identified and stated in the form of political maxims-there are no permanent or final solutions to the problems of politics-including international politics. Case Studies U.S. invasion in Iraq U.S. invasion in Iraq is one of the evident which show that realism theory is not an outdated approach in interpreting international relations. That event can be analyzed by using state interest, hegemony, and international structure. U.S under President Bush invaded Iraq since the President wants to keep U.S. as a hegemonic state. In order to be a hegemonic state, state needs to have strong economy and military. In this case, U.S. wants to control oil resource in Iraq so that U.S. can use those resources to boost his economy. With strength economy, U.S. can also promote military strength. Beside this, the international structure also caused U.S. to invade Iraq as well. Terrorism is nothing new for human society, but it is probably exist since human began to regulate the use of violence or threat. The 11 September 2001 attacks in New York and Washington and it is regarding as an issue that concern by International Relation. This is the threat to human security of United States as wel l as the world. For this case United States, the super power invaded Iraq the small state in 2003, the reason is that United States wanted to protect itself from attacking by terrorist groups and care about the worlds security. If Al-Qaida can attack United States, it would be possible for those terrorists to attack other countries in the world. Terrorists are willing to create fear to people that why United States invaded Iraq to ensure security for its citizen and states. Obviously, classical realism theory does effectively apply to the case of US- Iraq war in 2003 due to the fact that United States just use strategic of self defend in order to protect its citizen from being attack by terrorist from Iraq. Public opinion thought that six months before the attack, President Bush met in the White House with eleven members of the US House of Representatives. While the war against terrorism is going okay, he told the lawmakers, the United States would soon have to deal with a greater d anger: The biggest threat, however, is Saddam Hussein and his weapons of mass destruction. He can blow up Israel and that would trigger an international conflict. In brief, I believe that The United States is willing to protect its people and states from being attack by terrorists from Iraq. US, of course preferred the defensive theory to make the states survival. US had made a final decision to invade Iraq before terrorist become the major threat to the international security. Unite States are trying to prevent threats, violence and fear that occur by Al-Qaida and other horror terrorists toward the world security. South China Sea Issue The tension generated by maritime disputes in the South China Sea is the example of hegemony and balance of power featured in Structural realism theory. The South China Sea Conflict was involved by six countries. China, Taiwan and Vietnam claims sovereignty over the entire area. The Philippines and Malaysia each maintain separate claims to specific features, while Brunei claims only a 200 nautical mile exclusive zone. All those states compete with one another because of its enormous economic benefits and the conflicts have started decades ago. It is significant to note that the South China Sea is the critical trade route between Europe and East Asia, and its rich commercial fishing field and enormous natural gas field are worth billions of dollars. Whoever can hold a territorial right over it could gain quite a strong substantial power in politics and economics. It is what China is seeking naval preponderance in the South China Sea to become a global naval power which is a projection to the India Ocean. Meanwhile, the rising power of China from resources in South China Sea comes the potential threat to United States. US try to deal itself back into South East Asian geopolitics and bolster its position in the region by the growing closer ties with Vietnam. In response to US intervention, China stressed that this conflict is an internal affair of China and the intervention of US will only make the matter worse and the resolution more difficult, posed in Chinese Foreign Ministrys Website. Similarly, Vietnam could project that the external involvement of US will strengthen the balance of power relatively to China since China is the main threat to Vietnam since decades ago uptill the present day. Other countries also state to act accordingly in the hope of same purpose. Otherwise, Asian-led multilateral security cooperation is still a work in progress toward this security dilemma but it is yet to address increased arm procurements, Chinas military transformation and US renewed engagement to shore up Southeast Asias regional autonomy and ASEAN centrality in the regions security architecture. What we can learn from this conflict are the struggle of states to become hegemony still remain and the possession of offensive military power was also taken place and incapability of institutionalism toward this long-term regional security dilemma of ASEAN. The successive control over the sea will give China the greater control over Taiwan, Vietnam, and East Asian Countries. Obviously, the ambitious claims of China also demonstrate the aggressive desire to be hegemony in the regions by claiming to sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the South China Sea. At the same time, US also strengthen its stretegic position in region, for instance, exercising military power with Vietnam and making Vietnam its closest alliance. Otherwise, the multilateral talks in ASEAN did not effectively bring all the involving countries into the negotiation since China prefers bilateral talks to deal with the individual countries by using its soft power, increased trade and investment. This signifies that the corporation through institution did not bring any complete resolution to the conflicts. Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama Realism theory can better be used to explain the resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama in 2010 since he could not remove U.S. military base on Okinawa Island. During the election campaign, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama pledged that when he becomes the Prime Minister, he will remove U.S. military base on Okinawa Island. The presence of U.S. military base on Okinawa Island causes some troubles to Japanese such as raping and accident that are caused by American solider. However, that Mr. Yukio Hatoyama could not remove the U.S. military base on Okinawa Island can be elaborated through realism theory in several ways. According Classical realist Machiavelli and Neoclassical realist Han Morgenthau, state leaders cannot use private morality in politics and foreign policy so that they can bring security as well as prosperity to their countries. In this case, being the Prime Minister, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama cannot use private morality in dealing with U.S. military base issue as he needs to t hink about state interest. Beside this, Because of International structures, Mr. Yukio Hatoyama cannot keep his promise. First, after WWII, Japan is not allowed to have war army by its constitution, but U.S. will maintain security for Japan. Second, North Korea is also a threat of Japan. Therefore, Japan needs U.S. military presence so that Japan can be secured. Indeed, the resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama which results from failing to remove U.S. military base on Okinawa Island is the evident that show current state leaders still cannot use private morality in politics and foreign policy as well as that international structures determine what state leaders are going to do. 2008-2010 George-Russia Crisis Georgia-Russia War happened in 2008 to fight for the South Ossetia, which is the automous province in Russia. Georgia called for help from United States to back its power for the balance with Russia and also wished to be the member of NATO. However, United States ignored the Georgias intention. According to the theory of Thucydides, there is the inequality of power among states; it means that there are weak states and powerful states. The powerful ones could do whatever they wish to whereas the suffers always go to the weak ones. In this case, Russia, powerful state, could invade Georgia as a weak state, and no one could help Georgai. Although both countries are members of United Nations, it cannot prevent the strong states like Russia to invade Georgia, the small and less powerful state. It states that the states remain the significant and sovereign actor in world politics. Consequently, the international system is mostly dominated and leaded by the strong states who act as the core of the world affair while the weak one followed and acts as periphery of international relations. Conclusion Though Realism started to emerge in the ancient time, from time to time Realism have developed into classical, strategic, structural realism to keep updated with the changing environment of international relation. No matter how realism have categorize into a few more types it still manages to keep its core concepts that state is the main actor who manages the world affairs. As we explained the four mian cases including many others phenomena in the world today, Realism proves that the states behavior are still shaped by Realism theory. Although, nowday the current issues are muliplied not only about security and politics but also environment, human rights, pedemic disease and terrorism, Realism still can analyse those issues very well. Moreover, the multipolar world exists but the state still stands as the sovereign actor in world politics. Then, Realism remaims the significant platform for explaining the internatioinal relation today and decades ahead.

British parlimentary Reform 1832-1928 :: essays research papers

The unreformed British parliamentary system was undemocratic, it excluded the majority of the population from voting including all women most working class men, many middle class men and all the poor. Its distribution of seats was inadequately representative and excluded important towns. It included rotten boroughs, the occasional sale of seats, corruption, bribery, intimidation, violence and plural voting. The system was dominated by the aristocracy and gentry, and many seats were uncontested. Lang, (1999). The purpose of this essay is to identify the factors that led to the nineteenth century parliamentary reform and go on to assess the impact that the reform made. Around the middle of the nineteenth century an extensive debate took place in Britain on the nature and desirability of ‘democracy.’ Who should be allowed to vote in general elections? Should the franchise be limited, as in the past, to those who had special qualifications, such as the ownership of property, which the rental value had to be at least at least 40 shillings per annum, and those who had an economic stake in the country? Property owners argued that the old system had worked in the past so surely it would continue to do so – and that the wealthy were naturally superior to the poor. Pearce, Stern, (1994). Others believed that the franchise was restricted and haphazard and that the qualifications for voting were outdated and illogical in their view every man had the right to vote, all men had been created equally and therefore all were entitled to a say in the way they were governed. A small but growing number also believed that women should have the vote on precisely the same terms as men. The population of England and Wales doubled between 1801-1851 many parishes began to burst at the seams. Towns like Birmingham, Manchester, Bradford and Leeds were seeing large population increases due to industrial growth. Earl Grey proposed such towns needed representation in the House of Commons, this would lead to large increase in the voting population if the proposal was successful. On the other hand rotten boroughs were parliamentary constituencies that had over the years declined in size, but still had the right to elect members of the House of Commons. Most of the constituencies were under the control and influence of just one man, the patron. As there were only a few individuals with the vote and no fair voting method (secret ballot) which encouraged bribery and corruption as it was easy for potential candidates to buy their way to victory.